In Malaysia's constitutional monarchy, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong has extensive powers within the constitution on paper. The constitution specifies that the executive power of the Federal government is vested in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. However, he is bound to exercise this power on the advice of the Cabinet or a minister acting under Cabinet authority. The Cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong from among the elected members of Parliament. Among them, Yang di-Pertuan Agong has discretionary powers to choose who he wants as the Prime Minister and is not bound by the decision of the outgoing PM if no party has won a majority vote (Article 40). It, however, does not afford him the right and authority to dismiss the PM. He also can dismiss or withhold consent to a request for the dissolution of Parliament (Article 40).[2] He may discontinue or dissolve Parliament (Article 55) but he can only dissolve Parliament at the request of the PM (Article 43). He can reject any new laws or amendments to existing laws but if he still withholds permission, it will automatically become law after 30 days from the initial submission to him (Article 66).[3] The queen consort for the Yang-di Pertuan Agong is the Raja Permaisuri Agong and the couple are styled in English as "His Majesty" and "Her Majesty".[4]
The 15th and most recent Yang di-Pertuan Agong was Sultan Muhammad V of Kelantan. His reign began on 13 December 2016, after his election on 14 October 2016 at the 243rd (special) Conference of Rulers.[5] The ceremonial installation of the 15th Yang di-Pertuan Agong was held on 24 April 2017.[6] He abdicated on 6 January 2019; the office is now currently vacant.[7]
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